Introduction

Corns and calluses are areas of hard, thickened skin that develop when the skin is exposed to excessive pressure or friction. They commonly occur on the feet and can cause pain and discomfort when you walk.

Corns

Corns are small circles of thick skin that usually develop on the tops and sides of toes or on the sole of the foot. However, they canoccur anywhere.

Cornsare often caused by:

• wearing shoes that fit poorly shoes that are too loose can allow your foot to slide and rub
• certain shoe designs that place excessive pressure on an area of the foot for example,high-heeled shoes can squeeze the toes

Cornsoften occur on bony feetas there's alack of natural cushioning. They canalso developas a symptom of another foot problem, such as:

• a Hallux valgus where the joint of the big toesticks outwards as the big toe begins to point towards the other toes on the same foot
• hammer toe where the toe is bent at the middle joint

Calluses

Calluses are hard, rough areas of skin that are often yellowish in colour. They candevelop on the:

• feet usually around the heel area oron the skin under theball of the foot
• palms of the hands
• knuckles

Calluses are larger than corns and don't have such a well-defined edge. As callused skin is thick, it's often less sensitive to touch than the surrounding skin.

Calluses develop when the skin rubs against something, such as a bone, a shoe or the ground. Theyoften form over the ball of your footbecause this area takes most of your weight when you walk.

Activitiesthat put repeated pressure on the foot, such as running or walking barefoot, can cause calluses to form. Athletes are particularly susceptible to them.

Other possible causes of calluses include:

• dry skin
• reduced fattypadding elderly people have less fatty tissue in their skin
• regularly holding objects such as a hammer or racquet

Treating corns and calluses

If you have a corn on your foot, you should see a podiatrist, also known as a chiropodist, who can advise you about treatment.In most areas of the UK your GP will be able to refer you on the NHS.

Find foot care specialistsin your local area .

Treating corns

Corns on feetwon't get better unless the cause of the pressure is removed. If the cause isn't removed, the skin could become thicker and more painful over time.

Acorn is a symptom of an underlying problem. You should only treat it yourself if you know the cause and you've spoken to a specialist about the best way to manage it.

Over-the-counter treatments for corns, such as corn plasters, are available from pharmacists. However, they don't treat the cause of the corn and may affect the normal, thinner skin surrounding the corn.

Corn plasters may not be suitable for certain people, such as those with diabetes , circulation problems, orfragile skin.

Treating calluses

As with corns, you should only treat calluses yourself after a podiatrist has identified the cause and advised you about treatment.

The podiatrist may be able to treat corns or badly callused areas using a sharp blade to remove the thickened area of skin. This is painless and should help reduce pain and discomfort. They can also provide advice on self-care and prescribe special insoles.

Use a pumice stone or foot file regularly to gently remove hard skin.If you use a pumice stone, make sure it dries completely between uses and doesn't harbour bacteria.

Wearcomfortable footwear that fits properly. Always shop for shoes in the afternoon, because yourfeet swell as the day goes on. This means shoes that fit in the afternoon will be comfortable. You should be able to move your toes inside the shoe with a small gap between the front of the shoe and your longest toe. If possible, avoid wearing heelsas they increase the pressure on the front of your feet.

Don't put up with foot pain as if it's normal. Either see a podiatrist directly or go to your GP, who may refer you toa podiatrist. They'll be able to investigate the underlying cause of your foot pain.