Diagnosis

When you first see your GP, they'll ask about your symptoms and whether you have a family history of bowel cancer.

They'll usually carry out a simple examination of your bottom, known as a digital rectal examination (DRE) , and examine your tummy (abdomen).

This is a useful way of checking whether there are any lumps in your tummy or back passage.

The tests can be uncomfortable, and most people find an examination of the back passage a little embarrassing, but they take less than a minute.

Your GP will also check your blood to see if you have iron deficiency anaemia.

Although most people with bowel cancer don't have symptoms of anaemia, they may have a lack of ironas a result ofbleeding from the cancer.

In most people with bowel cancer, iron deficiency anaemia is found incidentally.

Hospital tests

If your symptoms suggest you may have bowel cancer or the diagnosis is uncertain, you'll be referred to your local hospital for a simple examination called a flexible sigmoidoscopy.

Asmall number of cancers can only be diagnosed by a more extensive examination of the colon. The two tests used for this are colonoscopy or computerised tomography (CT) colonography.

Emergency referrals, such as people with bowel obstruction, will be diagnosed by a CT scan. Those with severe iron deficiency anaemia and few or no bowel symptoms are usually diagnosed by colonoscopy.

These tests are described in more detail below.

Flexible sigmoidoscopy

A flexible sigmoidoscopy is an examination of your back passage (rectum)and some of your large bowel using a device called a sigmoidoscope.

A sigmoidoscope is a long, thin, flexible tube attached to a very small camera and light. It's inserted into your rectum and up into your bowel.

The camera relays images to a monitor and can also be used to take biopsies , where a small tissue sample is removed for further analysis.

It's better for your lower bowel to be as empty as possible when sigmoidoscopy is performed, so you may be asked to carry out an enema a simple procedure to flush your bowels at home beforehand.

This should be used at least two hours before you leave home for your appointment.

A sigmoidoscopy can feel uncomfortable, but it only takes a few minutes and most people go home straight after the examination.

Colonoscopy

A colonoscopy is an examination of your entire large bowel using a device called a colonoscope, which is like a sigmoidoscope but a bit longer.

Your bowel needs to be empty when a colonoscopy is performed, so you'll be advised to eat a special diet for a few days beforehand and take amedication to help empty your bowel (laxative) on the morning of the examination.

You'll be given a sedative to help you relax during the test. The doctor will theninsert the colonoscope into your rectum and move it along the length of your large bowel. This isn't usually painful, but can feel uncomfortable.

The camera relays images to a monitor, which allows the doctor to check for any abnormal areas within the rectum or bowel that could be the result of cancer. As with a sigmoidoscopy, a biopsy may also be performed during the test.

A colonoscopy usually takes aboutan hour to complete, and most people can go home once they've recovered from the effects of the sedative.

You will probably feel drowsy for a while after the procedure, so you'll need to arrange for someone to accompany you home.

It's best for elderly people to have someone with them for 24 hours after the test. You'll be advised not to drive for 24 hours.

In a small number of people, it may not be possible to pass the colonoscope completely around the bowel and it is then necessary to have CT colonography.

Watch a video on what happens during a colonoscopy .

CT colonography

CT colonography, also known as a "virtual colonoscopy", involves using a computerised tomography (CT) scanner to produce three-dimensional images of the large bowel and rectum.

During the procedure, gas is used to inflate the bowel using a thin, flexible tube placed in your rectum. CT scans are then taken from a number of different angles.

As with a colonoscopy, you may need to have a special diet for a few days and take a laxative before the test to ensure your bowels are empty when it's carried out. You may also be asked to take a liquid called gastrograffin before the test.

This test can help identify potentially cancerous areas in people who are not suitable for a colonoscopybecause ofother medical reasons.

A CT colonography is a less invasive test than a colonoscopy, but you may still need to have colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy at a later stage so any abnormal areas can be removed or biopsied.

Want to know more?

• Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland: bowel cancer symptom checker
• Beating Bowel Cancer: diagnosis
• Bowel Cancer Information: hospital tests
• Cancer Research UK: bowel cancer tests
• Macmillan Cancer Support: diagnosing colon cancer

Further tests

If a diagnosis of bowel cancer is confirmed, further testing is usually carried out to check if the cancer has spread from the bowel to other parts of the body.These tests also help your doctors decide on the most effective treatment for you.

These tests can include:

• a CT scan of your abdomen and chest to check if the rest of your bowel is healthy and whether the cancer has spread to the liver or lungs
• a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan this can provide a detailed image of the surrounding organs in people with cancer in the rectum

Stages of bowel cancer

After all tests have been completed, it's usually possible to determine the stage of your cancer.

There are two ways that bowel cancer can be staged. The first is known as the TNM staging system:

• T indicates the size of the tumour
• N indicates whether the cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes
• M indicates whether the cancer has spread to other parts of the body (metastasis)

Bowel cancer is also staged numerically. The four main stages are:

• stage 1 the cancer is still contained within the lining of the bowel or rectum
• stage 2 the cancer has spread beyond the layer of muscle surrounding the bowel and may have penetrated the surface covering the bowel or nearby organs
• stage 3 the cancer has spread into nearby lymph nodes
• stage 4 the cancer has spread beyond the bowel into another part of the body, such as the liver

Cancer Research UK has more information about bowel cancer stages .