Causes of underactive thyroid

An underactive thyroid (hypothyroidism) is when your thyroid gland doesn't produce enough of the hormone thyroxine (also calledT4).

Most cases of an underactive thyroid are caused by the immune system attacking the thyroid gland and damaging it, or by damage that occurs as a result oftreatments for Thyroid cancer or an overactive thyroid .

Immune system

An underactive thyroid often occurs when the immune system, which usually fights infection, attacks the thyroid gland. This damages the thyroid, which means it's not able to make enough of the hormone thyroxine,leading to the symptoms of an underactive thyroid .

A condition called Hashimoto's disease is the most common type of autoimmune reactionthatcauses an underactive thyroid.

It's not clear what causes Hashimotos disease, but it runs in families. It's also common in people with another immune system disorder, such as type 1 diabetes and vitiligo .

Previous thyroid treatment

An underactive thyroid can also occur as a side effect or complication of previous treatment to the thyroid gland, such as surgery or a treatment called radioactive iodine therapy.

These treatments are sometimes used for an overactive thyroid(where the thyroid glandproduces too much hormone) or thyroid cancer.

Less common causes

Worldwide,alack of dietaryiodine is a common cause of an underactive thyroid, because the body needs iodine to make thyroxine. However, iodine deficiency isuncommon in the UK.

Babies are sometimes born with an underactive thyroid because the thyroid gland doesn't develop properly in the womb. This is called congenital hypothyroidism and isuncommon, affecting around 1 in 3,000 babies. It'susually picked up during routine screening soon after birth.

The Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children website has more information about congenital hypothyroidism and how it's treated .

A problem with the pituitary gland could lead to an underactive thyroid.The pituitary gland sits at the base of the brain andregulates the thyroid. Therefore, damage to the pituitary gland may lead to an underactive thyroid.

An underactive thyroid has also been linked tosome viral infections or somemedications used to treat other conditions, such as:

  • lithium a medication sometimes used to treat certain mental health conditions, including depression and bipolar disorder
  • amiodarone a medication sometimes used to treat irregular heartbeats ( arrhythmias )
  • interferons a class of medication sometimes used to treat certain types of cancer and hepatitis C

Speak to your GP or specialist if you're concerned that a medication you're taking may be affecting your thyroid hormone levels.

Content supplied by the NHS Website

Medically Reviewed by a doctor on 29 Nov 2016