"Prostate cancer patients could be spared needless surgery thanks to NHS risk calculator," reports the Sun. UK researchers have developed a tool to estimate a man's chances of ...
"Prostate cancer patients could be spared needless surgery thanks to NHS risk calculator," reports the Sun.
UK researchers have developed a tool to estimate a man's chances of surviving 15 years after a prostate cancer diagnosis, based on age, cancer type and other health problems.
The tool can show the potential effects of treatments such as surgery or radiotherapy, compared with "wait and see" approaches.
The tool is specifically for use in men with prostate cancer that's localised and not spread outside of the prostate gland.
Localised prostate cancer can grow very slowly, causing no problems, but sometimes can grow quickly and needs more intensive treatment.
It's hard to predict what will happen to an individual. Sometimes the best choice between radical treatments like surgery, or having regular checks to see whether the cancer is growing, is unclear.
Prostate cancer treatments can have serious side effects, such as incontinence and erection problems, so it may be preferable to avoid treatment that's not essential.
This new tool, called Predict Prostate, is available on the NHS. It was developed using data from a large group of UK men and tested using other groups of men with prostate cancer.
When patient details and treatments were put into the tool, it was found to be an accurate tool for distinguishing between men who would be expected to die from prostate cancer or not.
As such the tool should help men make better-informed decisions, along with their doctors.
But it's new and needs to be tested more widely, so it can only give a guide, not a precise prediction of what will happen.
The researchers who developed the tool were from the University of Cambridge, the National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service in the UK, and from the Singapore General Hospital in Singapore.
The study was funded by the Urology Foundation Research Scholarship and the Evelyn Trust.
It was published in the peer-reviewed journal PLOS Medicine on an open access basis, so it's free to read online.
The Mail Online gives a good overview of the choices men with prostate cancer face, how the new online tool was developed and what it can do.
The Sun's article suggests the tool can measure the risk of side effects, which is incorrect.
The study used cohorts of men to develop and test a predictive model of prostate cancer survival.
The model was developed and tested using data from men diagnosed with the disease in the UK.
It was then validated against a separate cohort of men diagnosed with the condition in Singapore over a similar time period.
The tool may provide guidance about men's chances of living 15 years or more following diagnosis, but it's a new tool that will be developed further and is not completely accurate.
Researchers used the UK National Cancer Registration and Analysis Service database to obtain information from 10,089 men diagnosed with prostate cancer that had not spread (non-metastatic cancer).
It was done in the east of England between 2000 and 2010.
They recorded measures including:
The researchers then looked to see how many men were still alive 10 and 15 years later, and whether they'd died of prostate cancer or another cause.
The cohort of men were split randomly 70:30. In the main group of 7,062 men, they used this information to construct a statistical model that could detect which of these factors affected men's survival and how they worked in combination.
This allowed them to separate out the effects of surgery and radiotherapy treatment so they could see whether they made a difference to men in individual situations.
They then tested the model in the remaining 3,027 men. The researchers used it to predict how long they lived, then compared this to what actually happened.
Finally, the model was tested on a separate group of 2,546 men diagnosed with prostate cancer in Singapore to see if it could work for a completely different group with a different ethnic background.
The researchers also compared it against existing risk modelling tools for prostate cancer.
Of the 10,089 UK men diagnosed with cancer in the study:
The researchers said that, when they compared numbers predicted to survive 15 years with numbers who actually survived that long, their estimates were very close to what actually happened.
Both prostate cancer deaths and deaths from all causes were within 1% of the numbers predicted by the model.
Researchers said the model provided an 84% accurate prediction of whether or not a man from the study would die from prostate cancer, based on the baseline information and the type of treatment chosen.
This was true for men from Singapore, as well as in the UK group.
The model performed better than other existing models.
The model produces graphs showing chances of surviving 10 or 15 years for men in different situations, with and without surgery or radiotherapy treatment.
The 2 types of treatment have similar effectiveness, so are combined in the model under the name "radical treatment".
Examples show that a man aged 52 with a PSA of 6.2, tumour stage 2 and tumour grade 2, would be 8.4% more likely to survive for 15 years with radical treatment.
A man aged 72 with the same cancer characteristics but additional illnesses would only be 3.8% more likely to survive 15 years with radical treatment because of the increased chance of dying from other causes.
The researchers said they'd shown their new model "predicted survival outcomes with a high degree of accuracy" and it was likely to be most useful "among men deciding between conservative management and radical treatment" for prostate cancer.
They added: "The model has the potential to enable well-informed and standardised decision-making and reduce both over- and under-treatment."
The decision about how to treat prostate cancer that has not spread is a difficult one.
Men and doctors have to weigh up the risks of side effects against the possible benefits from treatment, and consider additional health factors of the individual.
Because so much depends on individual circumstances, it's a very hard calculation to make.
This model shows promise as a way to help men see their individual chances of survival, taking account of their general health and their cancer, and then seeing what difference treatment might make.
That might help in making decisions about whether treatment and potential side effects are worthwhile.
For men where the benefits of radical treatment are expected to be minimal, a wait-and-see approach might be appropriate, while for men who see a predicted bigger benefit from radical treatment, the chance of side effects may be worthwhile.
This study has some limitations, however.
The UK men in the study were mostly either white (77.4%) or of unknown ethnicity (21.2%), so we do not know whether the results apply to men from a black ethnic background.
The model does not account for people who changed their primary treatment after a year (for example, from watchful waiting to surgery).
The Singapore comparison group was relatively small and we need to see the model tested on bigger groups from other ethnic backgrounds.
Doctors and other health professionals who care for patients with prostate cancer are still likely to be in the best position to help men choose the most appropriate treatment.
Men could still be uncertain on the best approach if a tool indicates treatment could improve their survival chances by 8%, for example.
But the tool may provide useful information for both health professionals and patients to use alongside and inform their decision-making.
This is good news in terms of providing better information for the 40,000 men diagnosed with prostate cancer every year in the UK.
Find out more about prostate cancer